Road Safety Rules Essay Example for Free

Street Safety Rules Essay Street traffic security alludes to techniques and measures for decreasing the danger of an individual utilizing the street organize being murdered or genuinely harmed. The clients of a street incorporate people on foot, cyclists, drivers, their travelers, and travelers of on-street open vehicle, for the most part transports and cable cars. Best-practice street wellbeing techniques center upon the avoidance of genuine injury and passing accidents despite human fallibility[1] (which is diverged from the old street security worldview of just lessening crashes accepting street client consistence with traffic guidelines). Safe street configuration is currently about giving a street situation which guarantees vehicle rates will be inside the human resiliences for genuine injury and passing any place struggle focuses exist. The fundamental methodology of a Safe System approach is to guarantee that in case of an accident, the effect energies stay underneath the limit prone to create either demise or genuine injury. This edge will change from crash situation to crash situation, contingent fair and square of assurance offered to the street clients included. For instance, the odds of endurance for an unprotected walker hit by a vehicle reduce quickly at speeds more noteworthy than 30 km/h, while for an appropriately controlled engine vehicle tenant the basic effect speed is 50 km/h (for side effect accidents) and 70 km/h (for head-on crashes). â€International Transport Forum, Towards Zero, Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach, Executive Summary page 19[1] As reasonable answers for all classes of street have not been distinguished, especially humble dealt provincial and remote streets, a pecking order of control ought to be applied, like best practice Occupational Safety and Health. At the most significant level is economical avoidance of genuine injury and demise crashes, with feasible requiring all key outcome regions to be thought of. At the subsequent level is constant hazard decrease, which includes furnishing clients at extreme hazard with a particular notice to empower them to make alleviating move. The third level is tied in with lessening the accident hazard which includes applying the street structure principles and rules, (for example, from AASHTO), improving driver conduct and requirement. Street car accidents are one of the world’s biggest general wellbeing and injury counteraction issues. The issue is even more intense in light of the fact that the casualties are overwhelmingly solid before their accidents. As indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO), in excess of a million people are slaughtered on the world’s streets each year.[3] A report distributed by the WHO in 2004 evaluated that some 1.2m individuals were murdered and 50m harmed in car accidents on the streets around the globe each year[4] and was the main source of death among youngsters 10 †19 years old. The report additionally noticed that the issue was generally serious in creating nations and that straightforward avoidance measures could split the quantity of deaths.[5] The standard estimates utilized in surveying street security mediations are fatalities and Killed or Seriously Injured (KSI) rates, ordinarily per billion (109) traveler kilometers. Nations trapped in the old street wellbeing paradigm,[6] supplant KSI rates with crash rates for instance, crashes per million vehicle miles. Vehicle speed inside the human resiliences for genuine injury and passing is a key objective of current street structure since sway speed influences the seriousness of injury to the two inhabitants and people on foot. For inhabitants, Joksch (1993) found the likelihood of death for drivers in multi-vehicle mishaps expanded as the fourth intensity of effect speed (frequently alluded to by the scientific term Î'v (delta V), which means change in speed). Wounds are brought about by unexpected, extreme increasing speed (or deceleration), this is hard to gauge. Be that as it may, crash remaking procedures can be utilized to gauge vehicle speeds before an accident. Hence, the adjustment in speed is utilized as a substitute for increasing speed. This empowered the Swedish Road Administration to distinguish the KSI chance bends utilizing genuine accident reproduction information which lead to the human resistances for genuine injury and demise referenced previously. Intercessions are commonly a lot simpler to recognize in the advanced street security worldview, whose emphasis is on the human resistances for genuine injury and demise. For instance, the disposal of head on KSI crashes just required the establishment of a fitting middle accident boundary. For instance, roundabouts, with speed diminishing methodologies, experience not many KSI crashes. The old street wellbeing worldview of absolutely crash chance is an unmistakably increasingly complex issue. Contributing elements to parkway accidents might be identified with the driver, (for example, driver mistake, disease or weariness), the vehicle (brake, directing, or choke disappointments) or t he street itself (absence of sight separation, poor side of the road clear zones, and so forth.). Intercessions may look to diminish or make up for these elements, or decrease the seriousness of accidents that do happen. A complete framework of intercessions regions can be found in Management frameworks for street security. Notwithstanding the board frameworks, which apply dominatingly to existing systems in developed regions, another class ofâ interventions identifies with the structure of roadway systems for new locale. Such intercessions investigate the setups of a system that will characteristically diminish the likelihood of collisions.[7] Intercessions for the counteraction of street traffic wounds are regularly assessed; the Cochrane Library has distributed a wide assortment of audits of mediations for the avoidance of street traffic injuries.[8][9] For street traffic security purposes it tends to be useful to order streets into ones in developed zone, non developed territories and afterward significant expressways (Motorways/Freeways and so on.) Most losses happen on streets in developed regions and significant thruways are the most secure comparable to vehicle mileage. Revealed Road Casualties Great Britain for 2008 show that by far most of wounds happen in developed territories yet that most fatalities happen on non developed roads.[10]

The Indigo Spell Chapter Twenty-Two Free Essays

string(22) trouble you so early. I OPENED MY EYES, drowsy from the unexpected stun of being pulled out of the fantasy. My body felt lazy, and I squinted against the light. The light I’d left on the previous evening was joined by daylight gushing in through the window, yet my phone’s show despite everything demonstrated an outlandishly early hour. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Indigo Spell Chapter Twenty-Two or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Somebody thumped at my entryway, and I understood that was what had woken me up. I ran a hand through my rumpled hair and rose insecurely from the bed. â€Å"If she needs a topography guide now, I truly am going to Mexico,† I murmured. Be that as it may, when I opened the entryway, it wasn’t Angeline remaining outside my entryway. It was Jill. â€Å"Something large simply happened,† she stated, hustling in. â€Å"Not to me it didn’t.† On the off chance that she saw my irritation, she didn’t show it. Truth be told, as I examined her all the more intently, I understood she most likely had no clue (yet) about what had occurred among Adrian and me. From what I’d realized, soul dreams weren’t shared through the bond except if the shadow-kissed individual was legitimately brought into it. I murmured and plunked down on my bed once more, wishing I could return to rest. The warmth and energy of the fantasy was blurring, and for the most part I felt tired at this point. â€Å"What’s wrong?† â€Å"Angeline and Trey.† I moaned. â€Å"Oh, ruler. What’s she done to him now?† Jill subsided into my work area seat and put on a steely look of resolve. Whatever was coming was awful. â€Å"She attempted to get him to sneak into our quarters last night.† â€Å"What?† I truly needed more rest in light of the fact that my mind was experiencing difficulty understanding the thinking behind that. â€Å"She’s not that devoted to her math grade . . . is she?† Jill gave me a wry look. â€Å"Sydney, they weren’t taking a shot at math.† â€Å"Then for what reason were they †goodness. Goodness no.† I fell in reverse onto the bed and gazed up at the roof. â€Å"No. This can’t be happening.† â€Å"I effectively had a go at saying that to myself,† she let me know. â€Å"It doesn’t help.† I turned over to my side with the goal that I could take a gander at her once more. â€Å"Okay, expecting this is valid, to what extent has it been going on?† â€Å"I don’t know.† Jill sounded as worn out as me †and much increasingly exasperated. â€Å"You know how she is. I attempted to find solutions out of her, however she propped up on about how it wasn’t her deficiency and how it simply happened.† â€Å"What’d Trey say?† I inquired. â€Å"I never got an opportunity to converse with him. He got pulled away when they were caught.† She grinned, yet there wasn’t much amusingness in it. â€Å"On the splendid side, he got in a tough situation than she, so we don’t need to stress over her getting expelled.† Goodness. â€Å"Do we need to stress over him getting expelled?† â€Å"I don’t think so. I caught wind of others attempting this, and they simply get detainment forever. Or on the other hand something.† Little gift. Angeline was in detainment so much that they’d at any rate have holding time. â€Å"Well, at that point I surmise there isn’t a lot to be finished. That is to say, the enthusiastic fallout’s going to be a wreck, of course.† â€Å"Well . . .† Jill moved apprehensively. â€Å"That’s just it. First Eddie should be told †â€Å" I shot up out of my bed. â€Å"I am not doing that.† â€Å"Oh, obviously not. Nobody could ever anticipate that you should do that.† I wasn’t so sure yet let her proceed. â€Å"Angeline’s going to. It’s the proper thing to do.† â€Å"Yes. . . .† I still wasn’t letting down my watchman. â€Å"But somebody despite everything needs to converse with Eddie afterward,† she clarified. â€Å"It’s going to be no picnic for him, you know? He shouldn’t be disregarded. He needs a friend.† â€Å"Aren’t you his friend?† I inquired. She flushed. â€Å"Well, better believe it, obviously. In any case, I don’t realize that it’d be directly since . . . all things considered, you know how I feel about him. Better to have somebody progressively sensible and objective. Furthermore, I don’t know whether I’d work admirably or not.† â€Å"Probably better than me.† â€Å"You’re greater at that stuff than you might suspect. You’re ready to make things understood and †â€Å" Jill out of nowhere solidified. Her eyes broadened a bit, and for a second, it resembled she was watching something I couldn’t see. No, I understood a second later. There was no â€Å"like† about it. That was actually what she was doing. She was having one of those minutes where she was in a state of harmony with Adrian’s mind. I saw her flicker and gradually tune over into my room. Her eyes concentrated on me, and she withered. Much the same as that, I realized that she knew. Rose had said that occasionally in the bond, you could filter through someone’s late recollections regardless of whether you hadn’t really been fixed on the bond at that point. As Jill took a gander at me, I could tell she’d seen everything, everything that had occurred with Adrian the previous evening. It was difficult to state which of us was increasingly frightened. I replayed everything I’d done and stated, each bargaining position I’d actually and metaphorically put myself in. Jill had simply â€Å"seen† me do things nobody else ever had †well, aside from Adrian, obviously. What's more, what had she really felt? What it resembled to kiss me? To run her †his? †hands over my body? It was a circumstance I had not the slightest bit arranged for. My intermittent thoughtless activities with Adrian had come through to Jill too, however we’d all brushed those off †me specifically. The previous evening, nonetheless, had taken things to an unheard of level, one that left both Jill and me staggered and puzzled. I was embarrassed that she’d seen me so feeble and uncovered, and the defensive piece of me was concerned that she’d seen anything like that by any means, period. She and I gazed at one another, lost in our own considerations, yet Jill recouped first. She turned even redder than when she’d referenced Eddie and for all intents and purposes jumped out of the seat. Dismissing her eyes from mine, she rushed to the entryway. â€Å"Um, I ought to go, Sydney. Sorry to trouble you so early. You read The Indigo Spell Chapter Twenty-Two in classification Article models It most likely could’ve paused. Angeline’s going to converse with Eddie toward the beginning of today, so at whatever point you get an opportunity to discover him, you know, that’d be great.† She took a full breath and opened the entryway, despite everything declining to look. â€Å"I’ve gotta go. See you later. Sorry again.† â€Å"Jill †â€Å" She shut the entryway, and I sank once more into the bed, incapable to stand. It was authentic. Whatever lingering warmth and desire I’d felt from being with Adrian the previous evening had totally evaporated in the wake of Jill’s articulation. Until that second, I hadn’t truly and really comprehended what it intended to be associated with somebody who was fortified. Everything Adrian said to me, she heard. Each feeling he had for me, she encountered. Each time he kissed me, she felt it. . . . I figured I may be wiped out. How had Rose and Lissa dealt with this? Some place in my confused psyche, I reviewed Rose saying she’d figured out how to shut out a ton of Lissa’s encounters †however it had taken a couple of years to make sense of it. Adrian and Jill had just been fortified for a couple of months. The stun of understanding what Jill had seen thrown a shadow over everything that had been arousing and exciting the previous evening. I sensed that I had been in plain view. I felt modest and grimy, particularly as I recalled my own job in actuating things. That sickening inclination in my stomach expanded, and there was no halting the torrential slide of considerations that before long followed. I’d let myself turn wild the previous evening, diverted by want. I shouldn’t have done any of that †and not on the grounds that Adrian was a Moroi (however that was positively risky as well). My life was about explanation and rationale, and I’d tossed the entirety of that out the window. They were my qualities, and in throwing them away, I’d become powerless. I’d been high on the opportunity and dangers I’d experienced the previous evening, also inebriated by Adrian and how he’d said I was wonderful and daring and â€Å"ridiculously smart.† I’d dissolved when he’d took a gander at me in that foolish dress. Knowing he’d needed me had jumbled my musings, making me need him as well. . . . There was no piece of this that was alright. With extraordinary exertion, I hauled myself from the bed and figured out how to select some garments for the afternoon. I stumbled to the shower like a zombie and remained in for such a long time that I missed breakfast. It didn’t matter. I couldn’t have eaten anything in any case not with all the feelings that were stirring inside me. I scarcely addressed anybody as I strolled through the corridors, and it wasn’t until I plunked down in Ms. Terwilliger’s class that I at long last recollected there were others on the planet with their own issues. In particular, Eddie and Trey. I was sure there was no chance they could be as damaged as Jill and I were by last night’s occasions. However, it was evident both folks had an unpleasant morning. Neither one of the ones talked or looked at others. I think it was the first run through I’d ever observed Eddie disregard his environmental factors. The chime cut me off before I got an opportunity to state anything, and I spent the remainder of class watching them with concern. They didn’t seem as though they would participate in any testosterone-driven frenzy, so was a decent sign. I felt awful for them two †particularly Eddie

School Changes Since the Tragedy at Columbine

School Changes Since the Tragedy at Columbine PTSD Causes Print School Changes Since the Tragedy at Columbine By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Updated on October 01, 2019 Marc Piscotty / Getty Images More in PTSD Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Related Conditions PTSD and the Military Ten years ago, on April 20, 1999, students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold attacked Columbine High School, resulting in the death of 12 students and a teacher, as well as the wounding of over 20 people. The attackers eventually took their own lives. However, their actions continue to affect people and schools today. The tragedy at Columbine High School brought to light the importance of identifying risk factors for youth violence (such as a history of aggressive behavior, bullying, exposure to violence in the media), as well as the need for the development and implementation of programs focused on the early detection of these risk factors and prevention of school violence. Have Changes Been Made in Schools Since Columbine? A group of researchers from the University of Northern Colorado and Englewood Schools in Englewood, Colorado, were interested in examining what changes have Colorado schools made since April 1999 in order to prevent future incidents of violence. They sent out surveys to school mental health professionals at 335 public high schools throughout Colorado. These surveys asked school mental health professionals about mental health services and violence prevention programs and strategies in their schools before and after April 1999. Changes in Mental Health Services and Violence Prevention Programs The results of these surveys show that a number of services and programs were available to students prior to the Columbine shootings. For example, most schools (approximately 88%) offered individual counseling to students and had methods for identifying (approximately 71%) and dealing with (around 68%) students who might be at risk for violence. However, a number of changes were made after April 1999, with the majority of mental health services and violence prevention programs that were examined increasing considerably in availability. Some of these changes are reviewed below. There was a 20% increase in schools having a crisis planThere was a 10% increase in the availability of group counselingApproximately 9% more schools had a crisis team8% more schools started having daily check-ins with students who might be at risk for violenceThere was around an 8% increase in the availability of conflict resolution programs7% more schools offered social skills training. Other changes made (around a 5% to 7% increase across schools) included offering education programs on dealing with emotions, developing parenting classes, staging interventions for at-risk students, having an interagency team, and providing family therapy. Less change, however, occurred in regard to creating procedures for identifying students at-risk for violence, increasing the availability of contracted mental health services, offering peer mediation, putting in place mentoring programs, having peer counselors, and providing individual counseling. Changes in Security Many schools increased the number of violence prevention strategies (basically security) after April 1999. Around 63% more schools had tighter security procedures40% more schools instituted stricter discipline for studentsApproximately 32% more schools increased the presence of securityAround 17% more schools started doing locker searchesAround 13% more schools increased the number of available mental health providers. More Changes Needed Despite these changes, many school mental health professionals wanted more changes, especially in regard to having more mental health professionals available in schools, the offering of parenting classes, and putting together conflict resolution programs. The biggest obstacle to making these changes, however, was a lack of funds and the availability of people to provide these services. Preventing Violence in Schools It is hopeful to see that many changes have been made in public high schools in Colorado since the tragedy at Columbine in April 1999. Although more changes are desired (and likely needed), hopefully, these changes will be enough to prevent future tragedies. Of course, these researchers only surveyed public high schools in Colorado. Less is known about whether schools across the country have implemented such changes. In addition, it is important to note that preventing youth violence is not just up to the schools, but also the responsibility of parents and students. A number of risk factors for youth violence have been identified, such as a history of aggressive behavior, a history of mental illness, substance use, a history of childhood abuse, poor parenting, bullying, and excessive exposure to violence in the media. You can learn more about other risk factors and early warning signs from the American Psychological Association (APA), which provides an informative brochure on reasons for youth violence, recognizing the potential for violence in others, and how to manage risk for violence in yourself and others. The National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center also provides information on a number of warning signs for youth violence.

School Changes Since the Tragedy at Columbine

School Changes Since the Tragedy at Columbine PTSD Causes Print School Changes Since the Tragedy at Columbine By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Updated on October 01, 2019 Marc Piscotty / Getty Images More in PTSD Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Related Conditions PTSD and the Military Ten years ago, on April 20, 1999, students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold attacked Columbine High School, resulting in the death of 12 students and a teacher, as well as the wounding of over 20 people. The attackers eventually took their own lives. However, their actions continue to affect people and schools today. The tragedy at Columbine High School brought to light the importance of identifying risk factors for youth violence (such as a history of aggressive behavior, bullying, exposure to violence in the media), as well as the need for the development and implementation of programs focused on the early detection of these risk factors and prevention of school violence. Have Changes Been Made in Schools Since Columbine? A group of researchers from the University of Northern Colorado and Englewood Schools in Englewood, Colorado, were interested in examining what changes have Colorado schools made since April 1999 in order to prevent future incidents of violence. They sent out surveys to school mental health professionals at 335 public high schools throughout Colorado. These surveys asked school mental health professionals about mental health services and violence prevention programs and strategies in their schools before and after April 1999. Changes in Mental Health Services and Violence Prevention Programs The results of these surveys show that a number of services and programs were available to students prior to the Columbine shootings. For example, most schools (approximately 88%) offered individual counseling to students and had methods for identifying (approximately 71%) and dealing with (around 68%) students who might be at risk for violence. However, a number of changes were made after April 1999, with the majority of mental health services and violence prevention programs that were examined increasing considerably in availability. Some of these changes are reviewed below. There was a 20% increase in schools having a crisis planThere was a 10% increase in the availability of group counselingApproximately 9% more schools had a crisis team8% more schools started having daily check-ins with students who might be at risk for violenceThere was around an 8% increase in the availability of conflict resolution programs7% more schools offered social skills training. Other changes made (around a 5% to 7% increase across schools) included offering education programs on dealing with emotions, developing parenting classes, staging interventions for at-risk students, having an interagency team, and providing family therapy. Less change, however, occurred in regard to creating procedures for identifying students at-risk for violence, increasing the availability of contracted mental health services, offering peer mediation, putting in place mentoring programs, having peer counselors, and providing individual counseling. Changes in Security Many schools increased the number of violence prevention strategies (basically security) after April 1999. Around 63% more schools had tighter security procedures40% more schools instituted stricter discipline for studentsApproximately 32% more schools increased the presence of securityAround 17% more schools started doing locker searchesAround 13% more schools increased the number of available mental health providers. More Changes Needed Despite these changes, many school mental health professionals wanted more changes, especially in regard to having more mental health professionals available in schools, the offering of parenting classes, and putting together conflict resolution programs. The biggest obstacle to making these changes, however, was a lack of funds and the availability of people to provide these services. Preventing Violence in Schools It is hopeful to see that many changes have been made in public high schools in Colorado since the tragedy at Columbine in April 1999. Although more changes are desired (and likely needed), hopefully, these changes will be enough to prevent future tragedies. Of course, these researchers only surveyed public high schools in Colorado. Less is known about whether schools across the country have implemented such changes. In addition, it is important to note that preventing youth violence is not just up to the schools, but also the responsibility of parents and students. A number of risk factors for youth violence have been identified, such as a history of aggressive behavior, a history of mental illness, substance use, a history of childhood abuse, poor parenting, bullying, and excessive exposure to violence in the media. You can learn more about other risk factors and early warning signs from the American Psychological Association (APA), which provides an informative brochure on reasons for youth violence, recognizing the potential for violence in others, and how to manage risk for violence in yourself and others. The National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center also provides information on a number of warning signs for youth violence.

Main Theme In Everyday Use Novel - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 621 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/23 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Everyday Use Essay Did you like this example? Alice Walker brings a repetitive topic in her work: the portrayal of concordance and in addition the contentions and battles inside African-American culture. Everyday Use centers around an experience within individuals from the rustic Johnson family. This encounter which happens when Dee and her boyfriend come back to visit Dees mom and more youthful sister Maggieis basically an experience between two distinct translations to deal with, African American culture. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Main Theme In Everyday Use Novel" essay for you Create order Narrator utilizes portrayal and imagery to feature the contrast between these translations and at last to maintain one of them, demonstrating that culture and legacy are parts of everyday life. Begining of the story is to a great extent engaged with describing Mrs. Johnson, Dees mom and the storys storyteller. All the more particularly, Mrs. Johnsons dialect focuses to a specific connection amongst herself and the physical environment, she sits tight for Dee in the yard that Maggie and I made so spotless and wavy . The yard, indeed, is not only a yard. It resembles a broadened family place, as well as favorite place of her life. Her portrayal of herself in like manner demonstrates a recognition and solace with her environment and with herself: she is a vast, enormous boned lady with unpleasant, man-working hands at the end of the day, she knows the truth of her body and acknowledges it, notwithstanding discovering solace (both physical and mental) in the way that her fat keeps [her] sweltering in zero climate . Mrs. Johnson is generally at home with herself; she acknowledges her identity, and consequently, Walker suggests, where she remains in connection to her way of life. Mrs. Johnsons girl Maggie is depicted as rather ugly and unattractive: the scars she bears on her body have in like manner scarred her spirit, and, subsequently, she is resigning, even unnerved. Mrs. Johnson concedes, in a cherishing way, that like great looks and cash, speed cruised her by .She lurches as she peruses, however plainly Mrs. Johnson thinks about her as a sweet individual, a little girl with whom she can sing melodies at chapel. In particular, in any case, Maggie is, similar to her mom, at home in her conventions, and she respects the memory of her progenitors; for instance, she is the girl in the family who has figured out how to knit from her grandma. The Narrators characters shows, and also their physical aspects, shows their connection to their way of life. Mrs. Johnson, as explained, has man-working hands and can kill a hoard as cruelly as a man; obviously this detail is intended to demonstrate an unpleasant life, with extraordinary presentation to work. Symbolic importance can likewise be found in Maggies skin, her scars are actually the engravings upon her body of the heartless voyage of life. Most clearly and in particular the blankets that Mrs. Johnson has guaranteed to give Maggie when she weds are exceedingly representing, speaking to the Johnsons Rituals. These Quilts were followed by Grandma Dee and after that Big Dee. These figures in family history who were dissimilar to the present Dee, assumed responsibility in instructing their way of life and legacy to their generation. The bedcovers themselves shoes/represents history, of pieces of dresses, shirts, and regalia, every one of which speaks to those individuals who f ashioned the familys way of life, its legacy, and its qualities. Most importantly, these pieces of the past are not just portrayals in actual; they are not removed from day by day life. This, basically, is the essential issue of Regular Use: that the development and support of its legacy are important to every social gatherings self-ID, however that additionally this procedure, so as to succeed, to be original, must be a piece of family individuals utilization consistently.

Different Perspectives About Women Being Allowed to Vote - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 651 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Women's Suffrage Essay Did you like this example? My name is Sarah Grom, I am 26 years old living in Richmond, VA in 1919. I decided to look into different groups around town to get different perspectives about women being allowed to vote. Ive looked into the following groups: Young Womens Christian Association (YWCA); Equal Suffrage League (ESL); National Womens Party (NWP): the League of Women Voters (LWV): and the Virginia Association Opposed to Womens Suffrage (VAOWS). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Different Perspectives About Women Being Allowed to Vote" essay for you Create order I decided that after researching these groups that I wanted to join more than one of them. The women that I met from these groups made me feel welcome because we all had similar interests. I joined to have a voice with other women and socialize with other mothers.. First, Ill describe the YWCA, members of the YWCA stated that women were more capable of fighting for poor women and their families because they were mothers. Suffrage groups used traditional gender roles to assert that women, as the purer sex, would uplift society by making the right choices with the ballot. In general, women bluntly claimed that they could do a better job with education, childcare, clean food and drug laws, and other motherly issues because all men cared about was earning money. A friend in the group named Elna C. Green said Middle class reformers often saw the ballot as a weapon in their battle against poverty, child labor, alcoholism, and poor working conditions. Even though women were disillusioned by the outcome of the enfranchisement of women suffragists continued their respective club work and reform activities. The association was dedicated to offering a helping hand to young women, especially factory girls, who were believed to need protection from nefario us men. Then there is the Equal Suffrage League (ESL). I found the office at 802 East Broad Street, conveniently located near Capitol Square. This group formed close relationships, often living together because of work or as a matter of mutual support. ESL supported grassroot efforts, where states would grant suffrage apart from the federal government. By 1919 the league had 30,000 women following. Next I found the National Womens Party (NWP) which was founded in 1913 as the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (CU). The National Womans Party (NWP) was instrumental in raising public awareness of the womens suffrage campaign. One of the main disagreements of this group was whether to a national amendment over grassroots movements within localized areas. This group was considered racial as its members protested outside the White House and went on hunger strikes in support of a national amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The NWP was located in Washington D.C. effectively commanded the attention of politicians and the public through its aggressive agitation, relentless lobbying, creative publicity stunts, repeated acts of nonviolent confrontation, and examples of civil disobedience. Finally, there was the Virginia Association Opposed to Womens Suffrage (VAOWS). This group was an anti-suffrage group. Although it fought against enfranchising women, once the 19th amendment passed, its female membership registered to vote, believing in the duty of all citizens to participate in elections. As I was touring the different groups I learned a lot more than I knew. Women in the (YWCA), the (ESL), and the (LWV) formed close relationships, often living together because of work or as a matter of mutual support. While the (ESL) experienced an organizational shift once voting rights were won, groups such as the (YWCA) experienced no institutional change and continued their programs uninterrupted. The Leagues and the (YWCA) began as grassroots organizations which joined with the larger national organizations but still operated on a local basis. Women from (YWCA) the would join with the (LWV), working for the passage of legislation protecting female workers. (ESL), and later the (LWV) were not single issue pressure groups. Like the (YWCA), the Leagues fought for maternity rights, protections of women workers, world peace, child care laws, and more. The (YWCA) and the Leagues both worked for social uplift.

Social Mktg Essay examples - 2044 Words

MKTG309: Social Marketing and Sustainability Individual Assignment Starbucks social marketing campaign Name: FEI XUE ID: 42498155 Contents Background, Target Audience amp; Behavior Change 3 Behavior change model 7 First 6 of the 16 tips for success analysis: 8 Conclusion and Recommendation 10 Reference List 11 Before describe and discuss prior social marketing campaign, we understand that social marketing is the focus on behavior, not awareness or attitude change. Besides, social marketing results in benefit to individuals or society, not just focus on organization benefit and profits. Organization runs social marketing†¦show more content†¦Obviously, Starbucks advocate recycle, at the same time change audience waste behavior. The target audiences are ready for bring their reusable mug to get free drinks in campaign day. They do not worry about anything.Starbucks owes its success to a well-defined target audience! According to the definition of social marketing campaign barriers, barriers may be related to several factors: knowledge, beliefs, skills economic status, cultural influences etc. For study Starbucks campaign barriers, we focus on both elements: internal and external. * Internal barriers: e.g. Lack of knowledge and skills. 1. Some customers do not care about â€Å"recycle† or â€Å"free drinks†, I believe a part of people give up join the campaign and â€Å"run† their behavior like before. 2. Pay attention to the condition of join Starbucks social marketing campaign, reusable mug or tumbler is compulsory. Some customers do not meet campaign’s basic condition. 3. Some customers do not know Starbucks campaign. (Lack of advertising) * External barriers: The campaign is happened in USA and Canada store, therefore we must promise every store have ability â€Å"run† Starbucks campaign without accidents. Besides, beware of other competitors make trouble an d influence campaign keep going. 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Discussion on Australian Consumer Law-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss the ACCCs possible causes of action (and the likely outcome) and appropriate remedies, if successful. You should support your answer with relevant legislation and case law. Answer: Issue: The issues that have been identified in the given case study are: whether Ohau engaged in misleading and deceptive conduct while advertising for its product Less is best and what are the possible claims What the possible Causes of action of ACCC are in this given scenario Rule: It can be said in accordance with section 2(1) of the ACL that trade or commerce in the context of Australian Consumer Law can be defined as any professional or business activity or any trade or commerce within the territorial boundaries of Australia as well as trade and commerce between any place outside Australia and Australia. It has been provided in subsection 2(2) (a) and (b) of the ACL that a companys act of engaging in a conduct can be referred to: refusing or giving effect to the terms of the contract, giving effect to a provision of understanding Giving of a covenant. As provided in section 18 of Australian Consumer Law, it can be said that any company or business organization must not engage in misleading and deceptive conduct. An objective test can be applied by the courts to identify whether the conduct is misleading and deceptive. In the case Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty Ltd v Puxu Pty Ltd (1982) 149 CLR 191, it had been held that the courts must take into consideration whether fair reading or viewing of the conduct would lead an original or reasonable member of the target audience to be deceived. It has been provided in section 4(1) of the ACL that any representation made by a person with respect to future matter would be considered to be misleading in nature if the person who made the representation without having reasonable grounds to believe such representation to be true. It has been provided in subsection 4(2) of the ACL that for commencing proceedings in relation to subsection 1 for making any representation about a future matter by either of the parties to the proceeding or any other person, it would be held that such party did not have reasonable grounds to make the representation unless evidence suggests otherwise. It has been provided in section 29(1) of the ACL that any person who engages in trade or commerce specifically in relation to supply of goods and services must not promote any service or goods by making a misleading and false representation particularly about the standard, quality, value and composition of the product. Business must not any cost engage in advertising which misleads or deceives the customers even if the business did not intend to deceive the customers and no damage was sustained by the consumers by relying on such misleading and deceptive conduct. Some of the important cases which deal with misleading and deceptive conduct are Google Inc v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission[1], Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd [2]and Sidhu v Van Dyke[3]. It had been held by Gibbs CJ in the case Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty Ltd v Puxu Pty Ltd that the meaning of the words which are likely to mislead or deceive customers is misleading and deceptive is opaque. Firstly it is important to assess what constitutes misleading or deceptive conduct. It can be stated in accordance with the judgment of the case Google Inc[4] that misleading or deceptive conduct can be referred to any act which leads another person to commit an error. The principles of dete rmining whether an act contravenes the provisions of misleading or deceptive conduct had been enumerated in the case Butcher v Lachlan Realty Pty Ltd[5]: Whether the conduct is deceptive and misleading is question of fact. For the purpose of assessing whether the conduct is consideration has contravened the provision as provided in section 52 of the former Trade Practices Act which has been replaced by section 18 of the ACL, it is important to evaluate the conduct as a whole in light of the circumstances involved. The relevant statements or actions or any silence which constituted the misleading and deceptive conduct has to be deduced by the court from the whole conduct. It can be stated that when the contravention relates to document, such document has to be scrutinized by the court in relation to the evidence which suggested the contravention. Whether the conduct has contravened the provisions of section 18 of the ACL is a question which has to be determined by the courts. Further as provided in the decision of case Google Inc, it can be stated that: The words likely to deceive or mislead make it expressly clear that it is not required to demonstrate the actual action to establish the occurrence of the contravention The conduct which targets a class of persons who range from gullible to astute, the courts must assess whether a reasonable person belonging to the class would be misled or be deceived. Any conduct which causes confusion in the minds of the consumers will not be held to be co-extensive with misleading or deceptive conduct. The intention of the defendant to mislead or deceive the customers is in significant in relation to determining the nature of the conduct. It can be stated that it is important to assess whether the conduct of the business is likely to affect the impression of audience. Any conduct can be held to be misleading if such conduct if the overall impression created by the product is false and inaccurate. As held in the recent case Singtel Optus Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission[6], a business is required to disclose material facts and provide relevant information so as to avoid engaging in misleading or deceptive conduct. A business is also required to disclose additional information to the customers of the business where it is expected that the conduct of the business is likely to have a misleading impact on the customers. The courts have the power to order corrective advertising where it is determined by the court that the advertisement given by the company was misleading and deceptive in accordance with section 232(1), (2) of the Australian Consumer Law. Further in accordance with section 232(4) it can be stated that the courts have the power to pass an injunction order restraining the contravening conduct of the defendant. The courts will impose a penalty on the corporation or company if it s assessed by the court that plaintiff had sustained some loss or damages by relying on the misleading and deceptive conduct of the defendant. The cases Wardley Australia Ltd v Western Australia[7] and Marks v GIO Australia Holdings Ltd[8] contain the principles which are to be taken into account by the curt while evaluating on what basis the damages are to be awarded. Application By the application of section 4(1) of the ACL it can be stated that the company made false claims about future events that the customers would lose weight by consuming their product without any reasonable ground to believe their claims to be true. Therefore the company engaged in making misleading representation. The company made false claims about the benefits of its product without having reasonable grounds to believe such claims to be true. ACCC had inspected and found out there was no clinical proof of what the company had claimed. Further by the application of section 29(1) of the ACL to the facts of the case it can be stated that the company promoted their product by making false and misleading representation about the provisions mentioned in the section. The company promoted their product by claiming that consumers would lose weight upon consumption of the product. Thus by discussing the facts of the case it can be stated that the company had engaged in misleading and deceptive conduct. The conduct of the company can be analyzed by the application of the test as established in the Butcher v Lachlan Realty Pty Ltd case. In relation to the findings of this case the courts can assess the following: that the advertisement constituted misleading and deceptive conduct as it is in relation to the facts of the advertisement. There was no reasonable ground to substantiate the claims of the company. The conduct of the company targeted the audience ranging from astute to gullible. However it can be assessed by the court that any reasonable person would have been misled and be deceived by the advertisement as the company had made false claims about the fact that their products were clinically proven to reduce weight. Further it can be stated that the intention to deceive the customers was directly related to the nature of the product. Further by the application of the decision of the case Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty Ltd v Puxu Pty Ltd (1982) 149 CLR 191, it can be said that conduct was misleading as any ordinary or reasonable person of the target audience would have been deceived by the conduct. Thus this conduct can be held to be in contravention of the provisions of section 18 of the Australian Consumer law and therefore it can be concluded that the company indulged in advertising which was misleading and deceptive. Further in accordance with the decision of the Google Inc v ACCC case it can be stated that the conduct of the company in consideration does not have mislead or deceive the customers in actual. In accordance with the judgment of the Google Inc v ACCC it can be stated that the words likely to mislead or deceive as provided in section 18 applies to the companies even when the conduct of the company was unintentional. Thus in this case it is clearly evident that the company engaged in misleading conduct and in can rely on the defense of intention. The court in relation to this case can thus order the company to engage in corrective advertisement in accordance with section 232(1) (2) of the ACL. The court can even order an injunction to retrain the company from engaging misleading and deceptive advertisement as per the section 232(4). The court has the power to grant damages to an party who has suffered any detriment by relying on the misleading and deceptive conduct of the defendant, however a test has to be applied by the court to assess the compensation amount as held in the case Wardley Australia Ltd v Western Australia. Conclusion Thus to conclude, it can be said that ACCC can start proceedings against the company for engaging in misleading and deceptive conduct. Reference List: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) Trade practices act 1974 Competition and Consumer Act 2010 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd (2013) 304 ALR 186 Inc v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2013) 249 CLR 435 Sidhu v Van Dyke (2014) 308 ALR 232 Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty Ltd v Puxu Pty Butcher v Lachlan Realty Pty Ltd (2004) 218 CLR 592 at 625 [109] Singtel Optus Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2012] FCAFC 20, Wardley Australia Ltd v Western Australia [1992] 109 ALR 247, (1992) 175 CLR 514 and Marks v GIO Australia Holdings Ltd (1998) 196 CLR 494 Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty Ltd v Puxu Pty Ltd (1982) 149 CLR 19

The Development of the Green Movement free essay sample

This paper discusses the rise of environmental awareness groups and their role today. An argumentative paper which discusses how the future of the environment cannot be left in the hands of the corporations, but how individuals need to take a stronger stand. It begins with describing the development of the green movement and proceeds in examining its role today. It looks at what the individual can do to advance this ideal. From the paper: Through the years the society has become developed and keeps on developing concerns have arisen against the effect of industry and technology on the environment. With the depletion of the ozone layer due to chemical gases, the pollution of the land, seas, and the air with products that are made of material that is not biodegradable and the growth of the human population that causes urban sprawl, all have contributed to the degrading of the environment. In the midst of this havoc arose the concept of environment conservatism, which spread the notion of a ?green? environment that created products that were environment friendly. We will write a custom essay sample on The Development of the Green Movement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

The Crucible (Abigial Williams) essays

The Crucible (Abigial Williams) essays Arthur Miller's play, The Crucible, is about the persecution of people being falsely accused of being witches in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692. Many people die in the village after a series of lies and evil practices. Abigail Williams, after having had an affair with John Proctor, who is a married man, begins this cycle of lies and accusations in an attempt to get her lover back. Her character includes both superiority and resentment throughout the entire novel, and is showed The author shows Abigail's superiority as confusion from the beginning. When all of the talk about witchcraft troubles her uncle, Abigail thinks she should be the authority. Abigail also thinks of herself as superior to the natives of Barbados. When her uncle discusses her work for the Proctors, she says that "they want slaves, not such as I. Let them send to Barbados for any of them!" She is prejudiced against these people and her remarks reveal her snobbishness. Finally, Abigail's snobbish character is apparent through her statements to John Proctor about his wife Elizabeth. She says, "Oh, I marval how such a strong man [can be with] such a sickly wife". Abigail obviously thinks highly of herself. She believes she is worthy of Proctor's love, but Elizabeth is not. Abigail shows a character of superiority by her authoritative, prejudiced, and snobbish remarks. Of the major characters, Abigail is the least complex. She is clearly the villain of the play, more so than Parris or Danforth. She tells lies, manipulates her friends and the entire town, and eventually sends nineteen innocent people to their deaths. Throughout the craziness, Abigail's motivations never seem more complex than simple jealousy and a desire to have revenge on Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail seems to only be driven by sexual desire and a lust for power. Abigail is an orphan and an unmarried girl. This could be why she ...

Environmental lab Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Environmental lab - Assignment Example In comparisons of the two in terms of energy potential, nuclear produces 10100 energy from an equivalent 1 kg of both. Therefore, there is no doubt nuclear potential is very impressive, but the two have got environmental impacts that needs thorough consideration (Caldicott, 2007). For this research, the main methodology for data collection was animation from MUSE lab. After login, data was collected in accordance with the time changes along the time frame. The data on the quantity of carbon, sulphur, amount of both uranium and coal needed, and accident associated with each are recorded for analysis. From the gathered data, it can be seen that large quantity of Coal is burn than uranium and at the same time carbon dioxide emission is higher when using coal. Sulphur pollution lacks in nuclear plants. Very little is produced as waste in the nuclear plant whole year through while when using coal massive waste is produced (Neeb, 1997). When it comes to accidents, nuclear plants have put in place tight measures in order to reduce accidents as much as possible. Mostly, reaction of uranium is very severe and leads to the production of high energy. As a result, nuclear power is proving to be more sustainable though its safety is still questionable (GiereÃŒ  & Stille,

Investing in foreign hospitality industry in Switzerland Research Paper

Investing in foreign hospitality industry in Switzerland - Research Paper Example Swiss Statistics observes that the uncountable benefit has attracted more than 6,500 international foreign companies that are currently located in Switzerland. It has an attractive market, offers unique production skills, and serves as a gateway to Europe. It is strategically located at the centre of Europe, which ensures easy accessibility of all European markets. It is referred to as the centre of competitiveness in Europe, as it plays an important function in financial markets internationally. It is also the center for many international organizations like World Trade Organization, WHO and UN, among others. Therefore, the hotel industry can do well here as there are many potential customers who have to eat and spend in hotels. Presence of international trading companies, law firms, and insurance companies, freight forwarding companies, security firms and surveillance firms certify Switzerland as a true global business center. Switzerland has greatly improved over the past years as an investment center. It continually enhances foreign and domestic investments through improvement of circumstances and conditions. Expansion of Mirvac group of hotels to Switzerland will improve the company’s reputation and image. Switzerland is an international country and presence of these hotels will ensure its loyal customers get their services, away from home. It will also make it be recognized internationally, as many foreigners come here. Therefore, it will market it internationally, and hence, investing in other countries will also be easy. Investing in Switzerland is therefore an important strategy for the company’s future prospects.... Investing in Switzerland is therefore an important strategy for the company’s future prospects. Current Global Trends Globalization has had various effects on the industry of hospitality. The positive impacts are exposure to diverse cultures, large market, economy development, technology advancement, promotion of creativity, increased job opportunities, development of travel industry, and availability of international services. Exposure to different cultures will help managers in the hospitality industry to learn different cultures as they interact with people from different walks of life. Globalization has increased customer base, as people travel for businesses and holiday, health and other purposes (Swiss Statistics, 2000). This increases the market for the industry of hospitality, with major income from international visitors. Visitors from various cultures, cuisines, customs and languages ensure variety of services that meet their needs. This greatly improves the hospital ity industry, and Mirvac Group of hotels will reap this benefit. Globalization also has negative effects on the hospitality industry like language barrier, cultural barrier, disasters or events in other countries, seasonal environment, bad habits, and crime rate increase. Though these may be a barrier to the hotel investment in Switzerland, the management should still invest here but employ people with wide language and cultural knowledge. These employees will effectively handle and serve different people from different cultural and language backgrounds. PESTLED Analysis of Switzerland Political System The tri level political system in Switzerland is very effective, because county and state governments are highly controlled. They are very understanding situation as well as

An Introduction To DNA

An Introduction To DNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material of eve living organisms including some viruses. It is a dimer consists of two strands that immerse upon each other and appear as a double helix that are linked together covalently with each other. Each strand is made up of similar repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide composed of three different moieties,a 2-deoxyribose sugar,a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. 1.1.1 2-Deoxyribose sugar The 2-deoxyribose sugar, a major structural component of DNA is a cyclic molecule .The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings.The 5 carbon of deoxyribose sugar is attached to the 3 carbon of the next, and make a network of 3 carbon and 5 carbon.5end of a DNA molecule is characterized by a free phosphate (P) group and the 3 end is characterized by a free hydroxyl (OH) group. It lacks an hydroxyl group at the 2 position as in a ribose therefore a sugar moiety is a 2-deoxyribose. Two free hydroxyl groups are also located on the 5 carbon and 3-carbon of 2-deoxyribose sugar.These hydroxyl groups give a DNA oligomer its designation of 5 and the 3 end(usually accent as three prime end and five prime end). 1.1.2 Sugar-Phosphate backbone The 2-deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group forms the backbone in the DNA which are highly polar and defines directionality of the molecule. The polar hydrophilic back- bone is surrounded by a core of hydrophobic bases and is important for the stability and structure of DNA. The phosphate groups have a negative charge that gives a concentra- tion of negative charge on the backbone of DNA and also makes DNA,a negatively charge 5 1 Fundamentals molecule. The charge is also neutralised by DNA-binding proteins that contain the pos- itively charged amino acids lysine and arginine, which are attracted to the negatively charged phosphate backbone. See Fig. 1.1. Figure 1.1: DNA backbone 1.1.3 Nucleic acid bases DNA contain four different nitrogenous bases that make monomer of one nucleotide different from other. These bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and gua- nine(G). The bases come in two categories pyrimidines and purines. Larger nucleic acids adenine and guanine are members of a class of doubly ringed structures called purines while the smaller nucleic acids cytosine and thymine are members of a class of singly- ringed chemical structures called pyrimidines .A six-membered ring with two-nitrogen molecule formed a pyrimidine structure whereas purine is produced by a nine-membered, ring with four- nitrogen molecule. Each unit of the ring constructing the base is numbered to for specific identification. They are arranged in a particular order along the backbone of DNA to make a long chain of varying sequence that contains the code for proteins.The sequence specifies the exact genetic instructions required to create a particular organism with its own unique traits. 6 1 Fundamentals 1.1.4 Base Pairing in DNA The nitrogenous bases are responsible to form double-strand of DNA in consequence of weak hydrogen bonds and have specific shapes and hydrogen bond properties. The three hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine and then denoted as G.C or C.G,depending on which is associated with the first strand. Similarly adenine and thymine also bond exclusively by pairing of two hydrogen bonds and then denoted as A.T or T.A. This coupling up of nitrogen bases termed as complementarity.,A hydrogen bond donor need an equivalent hydrogen bond acceptor to form a hydrogen bond in the base across from it. Purines are only complementary with pyrimidines because molecules in pyrimidine-pyrimidine pairings are very far from each other that doesnt makes the hydrogen bonding to be established. Purine-purine pairing are energetically unfavourable because the molecules are too close and create an electrostatic repulsion. The only possible pairings are GT and AC. Primary and secondary amine groups or hy droxyl groups are common hydrogen bond donar while carbonyl and tertiary amines are common hydrogen bond acceptor groups. There are two hydrogen bonds between an A:T base pair. One hydrogen bond lie between the 6 primary amine of adenine and the 4 carbonyl of thymine. The other hydrogen bond form between the 1 tertiary amine of adenine and the 2 secondary amine of thymine. On the other hand,G:C base pair has three hydrogen bonds. One hydrogen bond lie between guanine with its 6 hydrogen bond accepting carbonyl and cytosine having 4 hydrogen bond accepting primary amine. The second hydrogen bond also formed between guanine on 1 secondary amine and cytosine 3 tertiary amine and the third formed between the 2 primary amine on guanine and the 2 carbonyl on cytosine. 1.1.5 Directionality The directionality of DNA is vitally important to many cellular processes. since,double helices are necessarily directional(a strand running 5 to 3 pairs with strand running 3 to 5 )and processes such as DNA replication occur in only one direction. The two DNA strands in a duplex are anti parallel and form a chemically stable structure. That is, one strand running from the 5-phosphate to 3-OH is paired with the other strand arranged with its 3-OH opposite the 5-phosphate of the first strand, and its 5-phosphate opposite the 3- OH of the first strand. 7 1 Fundamentals 1.1.6 3 end and 5 en DNA strand is inherently directional.The 3 prime end has a free hydroxyl (or phos- phate) on a 3 carbon and is called as the tail end. New nucleic acid molecules are formed by one end of 3-hydroxyl as it is ligated to the other end of 5-phosphate of a different nucleotide that make it possible to form strands of connected nucleotides.Molecular biologists can use nucleotides that has a deficiency of 3-hydroxyl(dideoxyribonucleotides) to stop DNA replication .The 5 prime end has a free hydroxyl (or phosphate) on a 5 carbon in the sugar-ring and this end is called as the tail end . If a phosphate group bind with the 5 end, ligation of two nucleotides can form, with a phosphodiester bond from the 5-phosphate group to the 3-hydroxyl end of other nucleotide. ligation can also stop if the above process is eliminated. Molecular biologists have an advantage of the above phenomenon to stop ligation of any unnecessary nucleic acid by removing the 5-phosphate with a phosphatase. 1.2 DNA-Ligand Binding The structure of DNA represents a variety of sites where ligands may interact and bind with DNA.The binding interaction between a drug and DNA often leads to a signi_- cant modi_cation of the structure of the DNA and may have an important inuence on their physiological functions associated with several biological e_ects including antivi- ral,antibacterial,antipotozoal and antitumor. Modes of Binding Because of the complex double-helical structure of DNA,drug molecule interact with DNA in a number of modes. A number of forces of varying strength involved in each interaction. Electrostatic forces with the phosphate backbone,sequence sensitive van der Waals interaction and hydrogen bonding interactions that occur between polar atom of bases and hydrogen molecules are incorporated singly or in combination.To understand the mechanism of interaction of each mode,it is best to discuss di_erent binding modes that can act on DNA. (a) External Binding (b) Intercalators (c) Groove binding (i) Major groove binders (ii)Minor groove binders External Binding This type of binding results due to electrostatic forces applied to the negatively charge phosphodiester group along the backbone of DNA for cationic molecule.Ligand charge, hydrophobicity and size a_ect on electrostatic interactions.External binding may also be due to either covalent or non-covalent interactions.This mode of binding is characteristics for major groocould potentially be sampled during simulations where the charge and shape of helical molecules are both changed. Intercalators An important class of molecules that binds to DNA are intercalators,which have been extensively used as a anti-cancer drug.Intercalation occurs due to immersion of a at aromatic drug molecule between nucleic bases contributes to unwind DNA helix(67).The interaction between a positively charged intercalator and a negatively charged DNA can be quite strong and form complex through electrostatic forces.Energy consumed to unstacked the nucleic acid bases which forms a gap between neighbouring base pairs into which the intercalator can _t easily.Because of small binding site,they have a little sequence selectivity and many known intercalators shows limited selectivity for GC base pairs such as ethidium bromide which has a high a_nity towards GC site.Several other drugs such as propidium,proavin, anti-tumor drugs adriamycin and actinomycin D intercalate with DNA. Groove Binders Smaller ligands preferentially binds to minor groove region whereas proteins and other large molecules speci_cally _ts into the major groove region of DNA. They have crescent -shaped conformation due to presence of two or more than two aromatic rings that gives a conformational exibility to the molecule and makes it perfect to _t in the groove. They also possess some functional group that forms hydrogen bonds at lower most part of DNA bases.They perfectly accommodate in the AT rich regions but some known groove binders show little preference towards GC site. Major Groove binders Presence of number of hydrogen bonds on the DNA major groove enhance its recognition potential. Major groove speci_c compounds are alkylating and methylating agents and and N 7 position of guanine in the major groove take part in interaction.one of the most common example is Cis platin which is a well known anti cancer drug. Minor Groove binders The most widely studied DNA interacting agents are minor groove binders that occurs naturally and also synthesize according to their sequence speci_c properties as they have pronounced binding a_nity towards AT rich groove.AT binding site is more thinner and deeper than GC so that all heteroaromatic rings such as furan,pyrole,benzene and Imidazole of minor groove binders twisted and _t better into AT site by applying van der waals force.Hydrogen bonds of bound molecule attached to the AT base pairs to the C-2 carbonyl oxygen of thymine or N-3 nitrogen of adenine.GC base pairs also contain same functional groups but a steric block form by amino group of guanine in GC locations which causes hinderence to the formation of hydrogen bond on guanine at N-3 position and on cytosine at O-2 cabonyl position,prohibiting vad derWaal forces and inhibit penetration of small molecules at GC sites of minor groove.AT site selectivity for positively charged minor groove binders also enhanced due to high negative electrostatic potential as compared to GC site. A number of experimental studies shows that minor groove of B type of DNA duplexes more suitable for binding of small molecules most often with Dickerson-Drew sequence d(CGCGAATTCGCG) and also similar such as d(CGCAAATTTGCG). 1.3.1 Berenil X-ray crystallography proof complex formation of berenil with dodecanucleotides,i.e. d(CGCGAATTCGCG) and d(CGCAAATTTGCG)which in turn shows its preference of binding with AT rich site of DNA minor groove and reside between three (AAT) or four(AATT) base pairs. A number of research on berenil also con_rm its weak interac- tion and intercalating behavior.Hydrogen bonds are also formed between the amidinium groups and adenine N-3 or thymine O2 atoms on reverse strands of a double helical DNA oligonucleotide.Berenil is a curve shape drug which match the helical structure of DNA minor groove. 1.3.2 Pentamidine One of the most clinically important drug,pentamidine is a synthetic antimicrobial com- pound also known aspentamidine (1,5-bis(4-amidinophenoxy)pentane,among all the mi- nor groove binders.It has been use as a secondary drug for treating aids related P.carinii pneumonia.Foot printing and X-ray crystallography shows its pronounced attachment to DNA sites which has minimum four to _ve successive AT base pairs with the charged amidinium group shows hydrogen bonding to O2 of thymine or N3 of adenine on oppo- site DNA strands. It contains two phenyl rings that are twisted after binding with the minor groove by 35ÂÂ ° with respect to each other by van der Waals forces. 1.3.3 DAPI DAPI also called 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI) is a synthetic,unfused aromatic compound is widely used in molecular biology as a uorochrome on binding upon AT site of minor groove binder as well as an intercalating drug.upon binding to GC rich sequence without showing any property of uorescence.X-ray structure of DAPI with d(CGCGAATTCGCG)exhibited that the drug span three base pairs and also give a clear picture of parallel attachment of phenyl and indole rings to the minor groove walls of DNA. |||||||| 1.4 UV-Visible Spectroscopy Spectroscopy is a valuable tool in the study of intermolecular interactions. It is a well developed routine technique and plays an important role in analytical chemistry as well as it has widespread application in physics and life sciences. It deals with the mea- surement of the absorption of radiations in the ultraviolet and visible region of spec- trum.Spectroscopic techniques form the largest and the most important single group of techniques used in analytical chemistry,and provide a wide range of quantitative and qualitative information. All spectroscopic techniques depend on the emission or ab- sorption of electromagnetic radiations and used to determine the electronic structure of atoms and molecules. In order to understand these techniques,it is necessary to have some knowledge about properties of electromagnetic radiations and the nature of atomic and molecular energy. The ultraviolet region extends from 10 to 400nm.It is subdivided into near ultraviolet region (200 to 400nm) and the far or vacuum ultraviolet region(10 to 200 nm).The visible region extends from 400 to 800 nm. 1.4.1 Electromagnetic radiations Electromagnetic radiations are produced by the oscillation of electric charge and mag- netic _eld residing on the atom and has its origins in atomic and molecular processes. It vibrates perpendicular to the direction of propagation with a wave motion and can travel in space and does not need a medium like air or water to travel through. There are various forms of electromagnetic radiations e.g. visible,ultraviolet,infra-red, X-rays,microwaves and cosmic rays. They are characterised by frequencies,wavelength or wave numbers. The most familiar form of electromagnetic radiations is visible light which forms only a small portion of full electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic spectrum A plot which shows a number of absorption bands with respect to energy versus wave- length has some properties yield various information and is broken into several regions called as Electromagnetic Spectrum.Di_erent regions of the electromagnetic spectrum provide di_erent kinds of information as a result of interactions. Electromagnetic spec- trum covers a very wide range of electromagnetic radiation that starts from gamma rays and ends on to radio waves. The boundaries between the regions are approximate and the molecular process associated with each region are quite di_erent.The regions in increasing order of frequency are 1/ Radio frequency region ;Nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance spectroscopy.The energy changes with change in direction of spin of a nucleus and elec- tron. 2/ Micro wave region:Rotational spectroscopy .Change in energy arise from transi- tions to higher energy associated with change in the rotational quantum number of the molecule. 3/Infra-red region:Vibrational spectroscopy The energy changes associated with transitions between vibrational levels of molecules. 4/Vis- ible and Ultraviolet region:Electronic spectroscopy The energy changes accom- pained with valence electrons of molecules. 5/X-ray region: inner electrons of an atom or a molecule invole in order to change energy of molecule. 6/ X-ray region: nuclear excitations necessary for an enegy change. 1.4.2 Law of molecular Absorption:Beer-Lambert law All spectrophotometric methods that measure concentration in terms of absorbance,including detection of proteins and nucleic acids,determine molar absorptivity of metal com- plex,various enzyme essay,describe attenuation of solar or stellar radiation and di_er- ent metabolites based upon two basic rules,which combinely spoken as Beer-Lambert law.This law was basically originate by a French mathematician Lambert,which states that the function of light absorbed by a transparent medium s independent of the inci- dent light assing through it.This shows that logarithm of the decrease in light intensity along the light path with respect to thickness of medium which can be written as follow log10(I0/I) = kl where IÂÂ ° is incident light intensity,I is light path length,k is a medium constant which is further interpret by a Beer,a German Physicist in the same year states that the amountof light absorbed is proportional to the number of molecules of the chromophore through which the light passes.One can also says that constant K is directly proportional to the chromophore concentration i.e. K=eC,e is the molar absorptivity of chromophore and is equal to absorption of 1M of solution at a path length of 1 cm and their unit is M-1cm-1.Now,combinely Lambert-Beer law presented as A = lC, whereby,the term log10(I0/I) is re_ered as absorbance(A),l is the thickness of solution and E is the molar absorption coe_cient. 1.4.3 Electonic transitions in Nucleic Acids Absorption or emission of radiations in nucleic acid causes di_erent types of transitions in UV-visible spectral regions and appear from n-pi* and pi -pi* transitions of purine and pyramidine bases. -* transition Large amount of energy required for the shifting of an electron from a bonding molec- ular orbital to a * antibonding molecular orbital in the UV region.Unsaturated hydro- carbons shows this type of transition and being transprent in the near UV such as methane,heptane and cyclohexane that shows maximum absorbance below 200 nm due to the fact that absorbance is equal to 1 for a thickness of 1 cm below 200nm. Similarly, water in the near UV(A=0.01 for 1cm ,at lambda =190nm)is transparent due to the presence of -* and n-* transitions. n- *transition This type of transition usually occur in compounds having lone pair of electrons and required energy lower than -* transition for the promotion of an n electron from an atom to an * molecular orbital.Moderate wavelength range for this transition is 150 to 250 nm as 180nm for alcohols,near 190nm for ethers or halogen derivatives and in the region of 220nm for amines. *transition Most of the organic compounds have a conjugate system and shows -* transitions with an intense strong absorption band occuring anywhere in the near UV region which depends upon the presence of heteroatoms substituents.These compounds also shows a slightly blue and red shift with respect to its polarity. n- *transition These bands are called forbidden bands having a low molar absorptivity less than 100 and originate from promotion of electron from a non bonding molecular orbital to an anti-bonding *orbital.This transition is more pronounced in molecules having a hetero atom with a lone pair of electron i.e.carbonyl which requires low energy and occur in the regions from 270 to 300 nm. d-d transition electrons placed in incompletely _lled d orbitals of most of the inorganic salts are re- sponsible for transitions of weak absorption and also color and located in the visible region..That is why the solutions of metallic salts of titanium or copper are blue,while potassium permeganate yeilds violet solutions, and so on. 1.4.4 Chemical shift Bathochromic shift change in max to longer wavelength(lower frequency)also change absorption,reectance transmittance or emission spectrum of a molecule mostly due to substitution or solvent e_ect i.e change in polarity of solvent called as bathochromic shift or red shift.Solvent e_ect is weak in less polar compounds as compared to polar one which can stabilise excited form,favours transition and causes a change in wavelength towards longer side. Hypsochromic shift The opposite e_ect of bathochromic shift also called as blue shift as max shift towards the blue end of spectrum.Unbonded electron pair lowers the energy of the n-orbital and increased solvation causes hysochromic shift.Mostly polar solvents such as water and alcohol have pronounce e_ect of hypsochromism due to broad hydrogen bonding between protons and the non-bonded electron pair during solvation. Hypochromic shift reduction in the intensity of uv light without any change in wavelength called as hypochormic e_ect which caused by the entry of an auxochrome which distrots the chromophore.For example ,biphenyl shows lAMDAmax 252nm,Emax19,000,whereas 2,2-dimethylbiphenyl shows Lambda max 270nm,Emax 800. Hyperchromic shift This e_ect leads to an increase in absorption of UV light at same wavelength due to appearance of an au that causes hyperchromic shift.For example,benzene shows B-band at 256nm,Emax 200,whereas aniline shows B-band AT 280nm,Emax 1430.The increase of 1230 in the value Emax of aniline compared to that of benzene is due to the hyperchromic e_ect of the auxochrome NH2. 1.4.5 Chromophore groups Organic compound mostly containing double bond is responsible to produce color and absorption of ultraviolet or visible radiations as single bond is not enough to do that but if many are present in conjugations,sharp color can produce. A single functional group or a collection of functional groups also capable for absorption and they also act as a chromophore. A complex molecule can contain more than one chromophore so the e_ect of conjugation on the chromophore is to shift the maximum absorption to a longer wavelength .i.e. a bathochromic shift or red shift appear with an increase in absorption intensity and the spectrum is strongly upset with respect to the superimposing e_ects of random chromophores. The more the number of carbon atoms on which the conjugated system is spreaded,the more the decrement in the di_erence between energy levels.and accounts large bathchromic e_ect. A very simple spectrum of a compound having one main peak absorbing below 300nm possibly contains a very simple conjugated system Instrumentation in UV-Visible Spectrophotometer UV-Visible spectrophotometer is a very simple to operate and able to perform quick qualitative as well as quantitative analysis.It is usuallay designed around _ve funda- mentals parts i.e. a radiation source,a monochromater(wavelength selector),a samplecell(cuvette),detector and a signal processor (readout device) for measuring the absorp- tion of uv or visible radiations.These components are typically integrated in a unique frame work to make spectrometers for chemical analysis.Two types of UV-Visible spec- trophotometers are generally in use:a _xed spectrophotometer with a single beam and a scanning spectrophotometer with double beams.Single beam spectrophotometers are highly sensitive devices and obtaining a spectrum requires measuring the transmittance of the sample and the blank at each wavelength separately.In the double beam spec- trophotometer,the light split into two parallel beams,each of which passes through a cell;one cell contains the sample dissolved in a solvent and the other cell contains the solvent alone.The detector measures the intensity of light transmitted through the sam- ple cell. Light source The intensity of radiation coming from the light source varies over the entire UV-Vis range.More than one type of source can be used in UV-Vis spectrophotmeter which au- tomatically swap lamps when scanning between the UV and visible range .A deutrium lamp is used for the wavelengths in the UV range,a tungsten lamp is used for the wave- lengths in the visible range and alternatively for the entire UV-Visible region,a xenon lamp can be used. Monochromator Its role is to spread the beam of light into its component wavelengths and a system of slits focuses the desired wavelength on the sample cell.The most widely used dispersing device is a prism or a grating made p of quartz because quartz is transparent throughout the UV range. Detector The detector converts the intensity of light reaching it to an electrical signal.It is by nature a single channel device.Two types of detector are used,either a photomultiplier tube or a semiconductor.For both of which the sensitivity depends upon the wavelength. QSAR and Drug design Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) (sometimes QSPR: quantitative structure-property relationship) is the process by which chemical structure is quanti- tatively correlated with a well de_ned process, such as biological activity or chemical reactivity. For example, biological activity can be expressed quantitatively as in the concentra- tion of a substance required to give a certain biological response. Additionally, when physicochemical properties or structures are expressed by numbers, one can form a math- ematical relationship, or quantitative structure-activity relationship, between the two. The mathematical expression can then be used to predict the biological response of other chemical structures. QSARs most general mathematical form is: * Activity = f(physiochemical properties and/or structural properties) Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) represent an attempt to corre- late structural or property descriptors of compounds with activities. These physico- chemical descriptors, which include parameters to account for hydrophobicity, topology, electronic properties, and steric e_ects, are determined empirically or, more recently, by computational methods. Activities used in QSAR include chemical measurements and biological assays. QSAR currently are being applied in many disciplines, with many pertaining to drug design and environmental risk assessment. Chromophore Organic compound mostly containing double bond is responsible to produce color and absorption of ultraviolet or visible radiations as single bond is not enough to do that but if many are present in conjugations,sharp color can produce. A single functional group or a collection of functional groups also capable for absorption and they also act as a chromophore. A complex molecule can contain more than one chromophore so the effect of conjugation on the chromophore is to shift the maximum absorption to a longer wavelength .i.e. a bathochromic shift or red shift appear with an increase in absorption intensity and the spectrum is strongly upset with respect to the superimposing effects of random chromophores. The more the number of carbon atoms on which the conjugated system is spreaded,the more the decrement in the difference between energy levels.and accounts large bathchromic effect. A very simple spectrum of a compound having one main peak absorbing below 300nm possibly contains a ve ry simple conjugated system such as diene or an enone whereas, if the spectrum is much mixed and also allocated in a visible region,then the molecule must contain chromophore having large red shift such as polyene ,polycyclic aromatic system etc. Solvent Effect Selection of solvent used in UV-visible spectroscopy is very important. The prime requirement for a solvent is that it should be transparent to radiation over full UV range and also not absorb UV radiations in the region of substance whose spectrum is actually analysed .Most of the organic solvents successfully meet that criteria and solvents without having any conjugtion are very convenient for this purpose.Among the solvents ,the water ,95% ethanol and hexane are most commonly used and are transparent in the full uv spectrum. Another valuable requirement for selecting a solvent is that it gives a nice spectrum of a set a absorption bands because polar solvent form hydrogen bonds with solute and the fine spectrum of the complex may vanish but this is not the case for non polar solvents where a fine spectrum often easily appears because of the absence of hydrogen bonding.Polar solvents also shows bathochromic effect which causes a decrease in electronic state. Asecond criteria for agood solvent is its effect on the fine strusture of an absorption band.Ano polar solvent doesnot hydrogen bond with the solute,and the spectrum of the solute closely approximate s the spectrum that would be produced in the gaseous state ,in which fine structure is often observed.In a polar solvent the hydrogen bonding forms a solute solvent comlex and the fine structure may disappear. Athird criteria for a good solvent is its ability to influence th

Jade Stadium Redevelopment (project management) Essay -- Business and

Jade Stadium Redevelopment (project management) Introduction The redevelopment of Jade Stadium, formally Lancaster Park, has been a project in development for a number of years. It is interesting to view the processes and changes in approaches to reach compromises, that have occurred in the lead up to this project especially with the stage the redevelopment is at now, (near completion). The emphasis placed upon planning and funding has had a huge impact to not only the time frame for completion of project but at a more basic stage of whether the redevelopment would even go ahead. The information used for this review dates back only as far as January 99, but even by that stage several years work had gone into pushing and lobbying for an improved, upgraded multi purpose stadium in Christchurch. Articles giving detail to the development process, the stages of development and the politics involved in the redevelopment of Jade Stadium are taken from January 20 1999, until the October 13 2000. The majority of articles are news items taken from Christchurch’s major newspaper, ‘The Christchurch Press’. Not all information present in the articles was relevant to the review topic of, the redevelopment of jade stadium, and so this is the reason for the use of several articles, to gain enough knowledge on the topic area. Temporary and Unique The jade stadium project is one of a temporary nature. Although it may be a long and drawn out process there is definitely a definite start (realisation of a need for a revamped stadium) and finish (completion of construction and closure). With respect to the jade stadium project, those dates have constantly changed. Originally set for an early 2000-start time, that date was changed several times until finally settled for October 2000 and estimated to take 18 months to complete. A deadline that they are currently on track to meet. Like any other project, Jade Stadiums redevelopment was a unique venture, not only in its actual design, ownership and the way in which the revenue to fund the project was produced but also in the actual use of the stadium. Being a rugby and cricket facility with ground breaking technology in the form of the new drop in pitches, an invention first tried by grounds staff two years ago. The stadium revamp unlike the new Wellington stadium will be done on the existi... ...point of view or side of the story, and that in general all articles relating to the redevelopment of jade stadium, held a more positive slant or position towards the development and the development team. The key points contained within the review begin with defining the uniqueness and temporary nature of a project and how jade stadium is a one off major project. The revenue provided to support such an expensive project comes from a wide and varying plane, with the use of a business plan one of the most important tools in the development of Jade Stadium. It can be noted that a great deal of importance was placed upon the planning phase in order to do it once and do it right. And that the project followed the basic project life cycle model. References Currie, S. (1999). The Jade Board. The Press, 20 January, 1996, p 34. McGoldrick, B. (2000). What about a total Jade upgrade? The Press, 26 August, 2000, p 10. Scanlon, G. (2000). $43m plea for Jade Stadium. The Press, 7 April, 2000, p 1. Tutty, K. (1999). Progress on stadium plans. The Press, 6 August, 1999, p 22. Tutty, K. (2000). Jade Stadium access settled for five years. The Press. 14 October, 2000.